The findings are consistent with prominent explanations for mere exposure effects as well as with the familiar face overgeneralization hypothesis that prejudice. Although commentators frequently warn about echo chambers, little is known about the volume or slant of political misinformation that people consume online, the effects of. The main empirical support for the exposure hypothesis comes, therefore, not. Y 7, 461472 1971 attitudinal effects of mere exposure. When choosing a particular alternative from a number of financial assets, risk. The effects of mere exposure to political advertisements.
The mere exposure effect in the domain of haptics plos. Journal of personality and social psychology9 2, attutudinal. However, the effects on attitudinal outcomes were based only on 15 studies, whereas the effects on cognitive outcomes were based on 41 studies. In this particular lesson, we will focus on the concept of the mere exposure effect and its impact on our liking of other people through the propinquity effect. The effects of mere exposure on learning and between repeated.
We can learn all kinds of useful things by reading newspapers, magazines, books. Zajonc conducted four experiments, each of which provided overwhelming to strong support for the hypothesis that mere repeated exposure of the mere exposure effect is well established at this point. This mere repeated exposure effect is found in a variety of contexts, for a wide assortment of stimuli, using diverse procedures, and among both humans and nonhuman animals. The second assumption, that favorable exposure will lead to favorable attitude change but negative exposure will not, has had less experimental attention.
Document resume title the effects of picture content. We investigated whether a change in stimulus evaluation can occur also when participants are not repeatedly exposed to a stimulus. One explanation for this bias is the affect heuristic. While the vast majority of past research has utilised neutral, meaningless stimuli and has found reliable mere exposure effects, studies exploring the mere exposure effect to emotional stimuli are. Mere exposure to a brand name or product package can encourage a. The fact that the effect was shown only for otherrace faces in the present study is consistent with bornsteins 1993 finding that otherrace mere exposure effects were more than 50% larger than ownrace effects in his metaanalysis of 8 otherrace and 24ownrace effects as well as with a recent study by smith, et al. Sales department of psychology, carnegiemellon university zajonc has proposed that repeated mere exposure of a stimulus is a sufficient condition for enhancing the attractiveness of this stimulus. Journal of personality and social psychology9 2, pt. Possibly, there are multiple mechanisms underlying the direct effect of mere exposure or canvassing on transgender rights. The mere exposure effect refers to the wellestablished finding that people evaluate a stimulus more positively after repeated exposure to that stimulus.
The effects of mere exposure on liking for edible substances. Trail3 abstract peoples social and political opinions are grounded in their moral concerns about right and wrong. Stimulus threat and exposure context modulate the effect of mere. Both of zajoncs parents died, and he was seriously injured. Preattentive mere exposure effects university of florida. The mere exposure effect was found for whole advertising images and images of female models. Website software copyright 2019, archieboy holdings, llc. Zajonc conducted four experiments, each of which provided overwhelming to strong support for the hypothesis that mere repeated exposure of an individual to. Some of these experiments involved manipulations of the amount of contact between subjects in a. Wls carried out to test the hypo thesis that the mere. Zajonc conducted four experiments, each of which provided overwhelming to strong support for the hypothesis that mere repeated exposure of an individual to a stimulus object enhances his or her attitude toward it. Mere exposure and the cognitiveaffective debate revisited abstract there currently are two interpretations of how affect is generated in the mere exposure effect. The contribution of attention to the mere exposure effect for parts of. Stang queens college of the city university of new york the mediating role of learning in the relationship between repeated exposure and affect was explored and supported in three experiments involving a total of 229 undergraduate participants.
Pdf the fact of having already encountered something encourages future preference, a phenomenon known as the mere exposure effect mee. Selfgenerated visual imagery alters the mere exposure effect. Mereexposure me research has found that initially neutral objects made familiar are preferred relative to novel objects. When choosing a particular alternative from a number of financial assets, risk is an important feature. Some of the theoretical implications of these findings are discussed. Document resume cs 200 704 becker, lee b doolittle. Attitudinal effects of mere exposure, was published in the journal of personality and social psychology in 1968. Mere exposure effect additional experiments showed that the effect is very robust and r. For example, people with higher disgust levels tend to be opposed to gay rights adams, stewart, and blanchar, 2014, and lgbt rights may also increase peoples disgust casey.
The rest of his time in warsaw was dedicated to studying at an underground university. The mere exposure effect is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things or people that are more familiar to them than. Examination of different explanations for the mere. In social psychology, this effect is sometimes called the familiarity principle. Article shifting liberal and conservative attitudes using moral foundations theory martin v. The mere exposure effect is well established at this point.
The effects of mere exposure on liking for edible substances patricia pliner university of toronto in order to determine the effects of mere exposure on liking for edible substances, male undergraduate subjects tasted previously unfamiliar tropical fruit juices 20,10, 5 or 0 times. The connection between mere exposure and learning and memory is a relevant one for the present study. The main empirical support for the exposure hypothesis comes, therefore, not from work on interaction, interracial attitudes, or atti. No action or interaction with the object is required, and we do not need to possess or even develop any explicit beliefs about the object. First, with regard to the type of outcome, this metaanalysis found that multitasking could have a negative effect on cognitive outcomes and a positive effect on attitudinal outcomes. Curious is a neat website where you pay a low monthly subscription to learn about all sort of neat things, ranging from academic topics like psychology to more skilldevelopment topics like art, design, and writing. The contribution of attention to the mere exposure effect. Mere exposure and the cognitiveaffective debate revisited. Effects of mere exposure on learning and affect david j. On the other hand, the mere exposure effect for the images of products was seen only when participants were explicitly encouraged to direct their attention to. The mereexposure effect is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.
Zajonc, attitudinal effects of mere exposure, r journal of personality and social psychology monograph supplement 9 1968, 1 27. The mereexposure effect implies that participants will show a preference for a specific stimulus in their reaction to that stimulus if they are repeatedly exposed to that one stimulus over a short period of time. The effects of similarity on perceived familiarity were almost entirely mediated by changes in attraction. Some of the subjects were asked to judge the return and risk ratings before learning about the capm in class. Vast literature on the mererepeatedexposure effect shows it to be a robust phenomenon that cannot be explained by an appeal to recognition memory. Journal of personality and social psychology monograph. Another important mechanism in attitude change is the mere exposure effect zajonc, 1968, in which repeatedly presented stimuli are evaluated. Three sources of stimulus in put, one visual and two aural, were distinguished in zajoncs 1968 study that demonstrated that rated goodnessofmeaning of nonsense words is a positive function of exposure frequency. The effect has been demonstrated with many kinds of. The incremental threat effect in intergroup contexts. Zajoncs paper describes a series of experiments in which he showed participants a sequence of random imagesgeometric shapes, chinese symbols, paintings, and.
Mere exposure effect additional experiments showed that. Stimulus type, stimulus complexity, presentation sequence, exposure duration, stimulus recognition, age of subject, delay between. Our finding that affect is a key process underlying the mere exposure effect implies that these effects are expected to strengthen under resourceconstrained decisionmaking situations e. This article on mere exposure is adapted from an online course that i just launched, the science of subliminal influence, available exclusively on. The mere exposure effect refers to the observation that repeated, unreinforced exposure to a stimulus increases affective evaluations of that stimulus. Research on mere exposure was extended to the area of advertising by becknell, wilson and baird 1963, who showed subjects slides of nonsense syllables with. In the mererepeatedexposure paradigm, an individual is repeatedly exposed to a particular stimulus object, and the researcher records the individuals emerging preference for that object. The impact of mere exposure on peoples preferences is not new to marketing and media studies. Exposure to untrustworthy websites in the 2016 us election. During their short stay, the building they were living in was hit by an air raid. Research on the mere exposure phenomenon has focused most often on the attitudinal effects of repeated exposure to. Download citation on researchgate attitudinal effects of mere exposure zajonc has proposed that repeated mere exposure of a stimulus is a sufficient. Research has shown that the impact of just exposing oneself. Mere exposure the mere exposure effect zajonc, 1968 is the tendency to develop more positive feelings towards objects and individuals the more we are exposed to them.
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